Few issues in financial inclusion have generated more hype — and confusion — in recent years than fintech. Digital technology continues to inspire a dizzying array of new companies, business models and products, transforming financial services value chains in the process. While many fintechs claim to advance financial inclusion, the link between specific innovations and financial inclusion is often assumed rather than proven. For all the buzz around fintech, the reality is that it is hard for funders, investors and social entrepreneurs know which innovations matter for low-income, underserved customers. The excitement around fintech can also obscure risks it poses to financial systems and low-income customers, as we have seen with digital credit in East Africa.

To help funders, providers and regulators understand how fintech is evolving and identify promising innovations, CGAP is working to bring clarity to the space with a focus on what matters for the poor. At the market level, our research has demonstrated that technology-enabled disruptors are increasing competition for mass market customers while breaking down vertically integrated value chains in the financial sector, with potentially wide-ranging implications for financial institutions and financially underserved customers. At the level of individual financial services, we find a range of new business models emerging among fintechs, digital banks, and platforms that enable challengers and incumbents alike to put useful, user-friendly, lower-cost solutions into the hands of poor customers so that they can use them to improve their lives. Explore our resources in the sections below to learn more.

Which fintech business models have the clearest links to financial inclusion?

Since 2016, CGAP has been researching emerging business models in digital financial services with the goal of separating the hype around fintech from solutions that can genuinely benefit the poor and underserved. Our conclusion is that there really is transformative change underway that will redraw the financial services landscape in ways that should expand inclusion. A number of distinct and innovative business models are emerging, often driven by people and companies that come from outside the traditional banking sector and do not identify with legacy banks, their business models, or their approaches to financial services. In the resources below, we identify and describe some of the main models and innovations among fintechs, digital banks, and platforms.

Fintech can harm low-income consumers if not properly regulated. For instance, CGAP’s research has raised serious questions about the digital credit boom in East Africa. As CGAP CEO Greta Bull explains in a blog post: “Digital credit is a testament to the ways in which technology and new business models can help expand financial services to low-income households. But it also points to the potential hazards of letting a market develop unchecked.”